Researchers demonstrate ultra-fast beam steering

A research team from Sandia National Laboratories has demonstrated the ability to dynamically steer light pulses from conventional, so-called incoherent light sources. This ability to control light using a semiconductor device could allow low-power, relatively inexpensive sources like LEDs or flashlight bulbs to replace more powerful laser beams in new technologies such as holograms, remote sensing, self-driving cars and high-speed communication. Prasad Iyer, lead author of the research, said the researchers have shown that steering a beam of incoherent light can be done.

Incoherent light is emitted by many common sources, such as old-fashioned incandescent light bulbs or LED bulbs. This light is called incoherent since the photons are emitted with different wavelengths and in a random fashion. A beam of light from a laser, however, does not spread and diffuse because the photons have the same frequency and phase and is thus called coherent light. The researchers manipulated incoherent light by using artificially structured materials called metasurfaces, made from tiny building blocks of semiconductors called meta-atoms that can be designed to reflect light very efficiently.

Although metasurfaces have previously shown potential for creating devices that could steer light rays to arbitrary angles, they had only been designed for coherent light sources. Ideally, one would want a semiconductor device that can emit light like an LED, steer the light emission to a set angle by applying a control voltage and shift the steering angle at the fastest speed possible. The researchers started with a semiconductor metasurface that had embedded tiny light sources called quantum dots. By using a control optical pulse, they were able to change, or reconfigure, the way the surface reflected light and steer the light waves emitted from the quantum dots in different directions over a 70-degree range for less than a trillionth of a second. Similar to laser-based steering, the steered beam restrained the tendency of incoherent light to spread over a wider viewing angle and instead produced bright light at a distance.

The researchers’ proof-of-principle work paves the way for developments in the fields of nanophotonics and ultrafast optics. The ability to dynamically control incoherent light sources and manipulate their properties offers a range of applications. One low-power use would be to brighten military helmet screens used to overlay maps or blueprints over ordinary vision. “In applications where space is valuable, steering light emission with low-size-and-weight metasurface-LED displays could be made possible in the future with this technology. We can use the light emitted in a better way rather than just turning them off and on,” Iyer said.

Image caption: As a red beam of light is reflected in an arch, Prasad Iyer, right, and Igal Brener demonstrate optical hardware used for beam steering experiments at Sandia National Laboratories’ Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies. Image credit: Craig Fritz

The technique could also provide a new kind of display that can project holographic images onto eyeballs using low-power LEDs, a capability of particular interest for augmented and virtual reality devices. Other uses could be in self-driving cars where LIDAR is used to sense objects in the path of the car.

“A commercial product could be five to 10 years out, especially if we want to have all the functionality on-chip. You wouldn’t use a control optical pulse to impart the changes in the metasurface needed to steer the light, but rather you would do this control electrically. We have ideas and plans, but it’s still early. Imagine an LED light bulb that can emit light to follow you. Then you wouldn’t waste all that illumination where there’s nobody. This is one of the many applications that we dreamed about with DOE years ago for energy efficiency for office lighting, for example,” Brener said.

Similarly, tamed light may offer benefits in scenarios where focused illumination is only needed in a specific area of interest, such as surgery or in autonomous vehicles.

The research findings were published in the journal Nature Photonics.

Top image credit: Craig Fritz